新型冠状病毒引起的疫情已经持续一段时间了，然而目前医学界对于新型冠状病毒引发的肺炎的原因和过程还不完全了解，而我们普通人也很关心冠状病毒究竟对我们的身体和环境究竟有多大影响，需要如何进行防护，即我们有很多需要学习和了解的新知识。作为英语学习者和爱好者，通过阅读英语新闻报道来获取相关的知识，同时学习和运用英语，即把知识学习和语言运用结合起来是非常好的英语学习的方法。今天选择的这篇英语文献报道非常适合我们学习关于冠状病毒的传播途径和时间的知识，同时，我们也可以通过真实的语言应用，阅读即时的有意义的新闻报道来检验和提高英语阅读理解能力。在使用中学习，在学习中使用，是非常便捷高效的英语学习方法。以下是一篇最新发布的英语新闻报道，主要内容是关于的冠状病毒会在污染物表面存留多久的问题，包含大量的关于新冠病毒的医学知识，是大多数人非常关心的问题，具有很强的知识普及性和实用价值。同时，这篇报道还具有好强的可读性，尤其是对于英语学习者和爱好者来说，例如，新闻报道的段落特征，一段只有一句话，书面语比较多，概括医学常用的术语，句型复现率比较明显等，为我们学习和应用英语提供了比较好的样本。为便于有兴趣的读者在较短的时间内就所关注的内容进行有效阅读，把所选的新闻报道做了一些删减，并提供了词汇释义、难句解析和全文翻译，供参考。
Here's how long coronaviruses may linger on contaminated surfaces, according to science
Concernsare mounting about how long the novel coronavirus may survive on surfaces -- so much so that thecentral bank has taken measures to deep clean and destroy its cash, whichchanges hands multiple times a day, in an effort tocontain the virus.
Itis unknown exactly how long the novel coronavirus can linger on contaminatedsurfaces and objects with the potential of infecting people, but someresearchers are finding clues by studying the elusive behaviors of othercoronaviruses.
Coronavirusesare a large group of viruses common among animals. In rare cases, they are whatscientists call zoonotic, meaning they can be transmitted from animals tohumans，accordingto the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
Officialsdo not know what animal may have caused the current outbreak of novelcoronavirus. But previously, studies have suggested that people were infectedwith the coronavirus MERS, or Middle East Respiratory Syndrome, after coming incontact with camels, and scientists have suspectedthat civet cats were to blame for SARS, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome.
Thesehuman coronaviruses, such as SARS and MERS, havebeen found to persist on inanimate surfaces -- including metal, glass orplastic surfaces -- for as long as nine days if that surface had not beendisinfected, according to research published earlier this month in The Journalof Hospital Infection.
Cleaningwith common household products can make a difference, according to theresearch, which also found that human coronaviruses "can be efficientlyinactivated by surface disinfection procedures with62-71% ethanol, 0.5% hydrogen peroxide or 0.1% sodium hypochlorite" orbleach within one minute.
Thenew research involved analyzing 22 previouslypublished studies on coronaviruses, which researchers hope can help provideinsight into the novel coronavirus.
"Basedon the current available data, I would primarily rely on the data from SARScoronavirus, which is the closest relative to the novel coronavirus -- with 80%sequence similarity -- among the coronavirusestested. For SARS coronavirus, the range of persistence on surfaces was lessthan five minutes to nine days," said Dr. Charles Chiu, an infectiousdisease professor at the University of California, San Francisco, and directorof the USCF-Abbott Viral Diagnostics and Discovery Center, who was not involvedin the new study.
"However, it is very difficultto extrapolate these findings to the novel coronavirus due to the different strains,viral titers and environmental conditions that were tested in the variousstudies and the lack of data on the novel coronavirus itself," he said."More research using cultures of the novel coronavirus are needed toestablish the duration that it can survive on surfaces."
TheCDC has noted that coronaviruses are thought to spread most often byrespiratory droplets, such as droplets in a cough orsneeze, and coronaviruses in general have "poor survivability" onsurfaces -- but there is still much to learn about the novel coronavirusdisease, named COVID-19.
"Itmay be possible that a person can get COVID-19 by touching a surface or objectthat has the virus on it and then touching their own mouth, nose, or possiblytheir eyes, but this is not thought to be the main way the virus spreads,"according to the CDC's website.
Ifyou do have concerns, "my recommendations would be frequent hand-washing,avoiding contact with people who are sick, follow home quarantinerecommendations according to the latest public health agency guidelines if you werein contact with a known or suspected infected patient," Chiu said.
But overall, "it is still farmore likely that you contract influenza rather than this novel coronavirus,meaning that you should get vaccinated for influenza as well."
一、词汇释义：
coronavirus：冠状病毒
linger：持续存留
contaminate：污染
mount：逐步增加
contain：抑制
potential：潜在可能性
infect：感染
clue：线索
elusive：难以解释的
zoonotic：人畜共患
transmit：传播
respiratory：呼吸系统的
syndrome：综合征
suspect：怀疑
civetcat：果子狸
acute：急性的
persist：持续存在
inanimate：无（非）生命的
disinfect：消毒
efficiently：高效地
inactivated：灭活，（使）失去活性
procedure：过程，程序
ethanol：乙醇
hydrogen：氢气
peroxide：过氧化物
sodium：钠
hypochlorite：次氯酸盐
bleach：漂白
involve：包括；涉及
previously：先前，以前
insight：深刻理解
current：现有的
available：可获得的
primarily：主要地
sequence：序列
similarity：相似
persistence：持续存在
viral：病毒的
diagnostics：诊断学
extrapolate：推断
strain：谱系
titer：滴度
culture：培养（细胞/细菌）
droplet：飞沫
cough：咳嗽
sneeze：喷嚏
survivability：生存性
frequent：频繁的
quarantine：隔离
agency：机构
contract：感染
influenza：流感
vaccinate：给…接种疫苗
二、难句解析：
1.Concerns are mounting about how long the novel coronavirus may survive onsurfaces -- so much so that the central bank has taken measures to
deep cleanand destroy its cash, which changes hands multiple times a day, in an effort tocontain the virus.
本句是典型的具有新闻报道特征的句子，一句话一个段落，信息明确，中心突出，虽然句子貌似偏长，但如果经常阅读类似的句型可以做到快速抓取句子结构的核心，获取重要信息。句型特征：主谓语合计只有三个词，但各自的修饰成分都比较长，形成嵌套结构：
1.1.Concerns are mounting about how long the novel coronavirus may survive onsurfaces —— concerns是主语，其定语是介词接宾语从句结构about how long the novelcoronavirus may survive on surfaces，后置于谓语are mounting，形成句子后续成分偏长偏多即句子后部信息荷重的英语常用表达方式。
1.2.-- so much so that the central bank has taken measures to deep clean anddestroy its cash…, in an effort to contain the virus —— 破折号表示进一步解释说明，无特别语法意义，so muchso that是常用的连接词组，修饰主句的谓语aremounting，表示程度，引导状语从句，其中，in aneffort介词短语在状语从句中作状语，由非限定性定语分隔。
1.3.which changes hands multiple times a day —— 非限定性定语从句修饰cash。
2."However, it is very difficult to extrapolate these findings to the
novelcoronavirus due to the different strains, viral titers and environmentalconditions that were tested in the various studies and the lack of data on thenovel coronavirus itself," he said.
本句体现出新闻报道的另一特征，即引用信息来源或相关专业人员的话。句型特征：it is…to do… 是形式主语结构，是英语最基本的句型之一，同样是用于句子后部信息荷重的表达方式，便于后续叠加修饰成分，与汉语有较大差别，需要给予特别关注：
2.1.however —— 副词，承接上段，起过渡作用。
2.2.itis very difficult to extrapolate these findings to thenovel coronavirus —— 形式主语结构，实际主语是动词不定式to extrapolate these findings tothe novel coronavirus，其中，extrapolate… to…是动词和介词的搭配使用，表示把… 推断为…。
2.3. due to thedifferent strains, viral titers and environmental conditions that were testedin the various studies and the lack of data on the novelcoronavirus itself —— due to 形容词加介词固定搭配，引导四个并列宾语作状语，其中thatwere tested in the various studies是定语从句修饰strains、conditions和conditions三个并列词，on thenovel coronavirus
itself是介词短语作定语修饰data，为便于理解可简化如下：due to thedifferent strains, viral titers and environmental conditions… and the lack ofdata…。
3.But overall, "it is still far more likely that you contract influenzarather than this novel coronavirus, meaning that you should get vaccinated forinfluenza as well."
本句的要点在于虚拟语气的使用，在某些词汇后，如，likely、important、 vital、essential、necessary、desirable接形式主语或宾语从句等，需要注意从句的谓语应该使用过去式的情态助动词，如，should、would、could等。
3.1.it is still far more likely that you contract influenza… —— 本句是形式主语结构，实际主语是that引导的从句，同时，本句由于使用了likely要求其后的从句采用虚拟语气，即it is likelythat… (should) do…，从句的谓语需要使用should等情态助动词加动词原形的形式，其中情态助动词可省略。
3.2.rather than —— 表示转折，常作为独立的词组使用，此句中，than和比较级more没有直接关系。
3.3.meaning that you should get vaccinated for influenza as well —— 现在分词短语接宾语从句作状语修饰主句。
译文：
根据科学，这就是冠状病毒可能在污染物表面上持续存留的时间
人们越来越担心新型冠状病毒能在表面存活多久 —— 以至于为了努力控制病毒，央行已经采取措施对每天转手多次的现金进行深度清理并销毁。
目前还不清楚新型冠状病毒在污染物的表面和可能感染人类的物体上究竟能存留多久，但一些研究人员正在通过研究其他冠状病毒难以捉摸的习性来寻找线索。
冠状病毒是动物中常见的大病毒群。据美国疾病控制和预防中心称，在极少数情况下，这类病毒导致科学家所称的人畜共患，也就意味着可以导致动物把病毒传染给人类。
官方还不知道究竟是什么动物可能导致目前新型冠状病毒的爆发。但此前的研究表明，人们是在与骆驼接触后感染了与冠状病毒相似的中东呼吸综合征，而科学家曾经怀疑果子狸是SARS严重急性呼吸系统综合症的罪魁祸首。
根据本月初发表在《医院感染杂志》上的研究，人们发现如果不对无生命的表面（包括金属、玻璃或塑料表面）进行消毒，诸如SARS和MERS的人冠状病毒可以在上面持续存留9天。
根据这项研究，使用普通家用产品进行清洁可以起到很大作用，同时这项研究还发现，人冠状病毒"可以通过使用62-71%的乙醇、0.5%的过氧化氢或0.1%的次氯酸钠"进行表面消毒即可在一分钟内有效予以灭活。
新的研究包括对以往发表的22项关于冠状病毒研究的分析，研究人员希望通过这些研究可以帮助加深对于新型冠状病毒的认识。
"根据目前所能得到的数据，在已经检测的冠状病毒中，我将主要依靠与新型冠状病毒最接近SARS冠状病毒的数据（80%的序列相似）开展研究。就SARS冠状病毒而言，其表面持续存留的时间范围为少于5分钟到9天，"加州大学旧金山分校传染病教授、USCF-Abbott病毒诊断和发现中心查尔斯·邱主任说，不过他并没有参与这项新的研究。
"然而，由于各种不同研究中检测的菌株、病毒滴度和环境条件都不相同，以及缺乏关于新型冠状病毒本身的数据，很难将这些发现推断为新型冠状病毒，"他说。"需要利用新型冠状病毒的培养物来做更多的研究以确定新型冠状病毒能够在表面持续存留的时间。
CDC指出，人们通常认为冠状病毒是通过呼吸道飞沫进行传播，如咳嗽或打喷嚏产生的飞沫，而一般说来冠状病毒表面"生存力差"，但有关这种名为COVID-19的新型冠状病毒疾病仍有许多地方需要了解。
根据CDC的网站，"人有可能通过触摸染有病毒的表面或物体，然后再触摸自己的嘴、鼻子，或者可能是眼睛，感染COVID-19，但这不是病毒传播的主要途径。
如果你确实有顾虑，"我的建议是经常洗手，避免与病人接触，如果接触了已知或疑似感染的病人，要根据最新的公共卫生机构指南遵循居家隔离建议，"邱说。
但总体而言，"你仍然更有可能感染的是流感，而不是新型冠状病毒，这意味着你也应该接种流感疫苗。
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