??许多同学在写论文时，为了正确引用其他学者的研究成果和观点简直挠破了头。paraphrasing确实是一个难点，毕竟读着大牛写的东西，总感觉对方已经把最精髓最准确的表达写下来了，这让人再怎么去改写呢？！别慌，这篇干货好好教你一下如何paraphrase，每一部分都包含了解释与举例，包你弄懂！
全文大纲
为什么需要paraphrasing？
什么是paraphrasing？
paraphrasing的雷区
举例告诉你什么是好的paraphrasing
paraphrasing的方法
paraphrasing的技巧
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为什么需要paraphrasing？
?effective paraphrasing is vital in academic writing to avoid the risk of plagiarism.?
→?paraphrasing是为了避免抄袭，以防落得一个学术不端的“罪名”。
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什么是paraphrasing？
→?简单来说，paraphrasing就是用同一种语言的不同文字来表达同样的意思。
举例告诉你，什么才是好的paraphrasing
原文?↓
differentiation as an instructional approach promotes a balance between a student’s style and a student’s ability. differentiated instruction provides the student with options for processing and internalizing the content, and for constructing new learning in order to progress academically.
paraphrased的低阶版本?↓
differentiation is a?way?to?encourage?equality?between the?approach and talent of the student?(thompson, 2009).?this type of instruction gives?students different?ways?to deal with and?grasp information, and for?establishing?new learning?to move?on in?education?(thompson, 2009).
点评：这个学生虽然做到了正确的引用，没有犯“学术剽窃”的错误，但是她只是简单地用近义表达在替换原文表达（如画线部分的表达），句子结构都没有改变，所以虽然引用正确，但是paraphrasing的工作做得并不算好。
paraphrased的高阶版本?↓
teachers use differentiated instruction to help students learn, allowing the teacher to cater lessons to the way each student learns and each student’s skill (thompson, 2009).
点评：这个学生在引用时摘出了原文作者想要表达的意思，并且完全用自己的语言表达出来了，遣词造句都是自己的内容。并且，这个学生浓缩了原文信息，将不同的点进行了整合，包括了与自己论文最相关的部分，且省略了所不需要的细节。
（??：academicguides.waldenu.edu）
paraphrasing小方法：五步走
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?① 先将原句读一遍，不懂的词查清楚一次，保证自己理解了原句的意思，如果不确定的话，需要及时找人问。
?② 思考所需paraphrasing的句子和自己论文的关联，你是需要引用它来做什么？需要用它佐证什么观点或立场吗？它与你的论文主旨、章节、段落、前后句有什么关系？这一步的目的是为了确保你所paraphrased的内容能够与你段落其他的内容自然且有逻辑的衔接上。
③ 遮住原句，想象自己将需要paraphrasing的原文解释给一个同学听，你会怎么解释？将你的解释写下来，哪怕冗长或不流畅也没关系。
④ 修改你写来的解释，使语法、用词、句子结构、逻辑都得体。
⑤?再读一遍原句，确保自己没有曲解原文意思或漏掉什么重要的信息。
（??：academicguides.waldenu.edu）
paraphrasing小技巧
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1. ? ?同义词/短语的替换
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同义词：
原句：video calls cannot?replace?face-to-face?interactions
改写句：video calls cannot?substitute?real-life?interactions
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同理，同义短语之间，或者词和短语之间也可以替换：
原句：some participants?decided?to?give up?smoking after the workshop.?
改写句：some participants?made up their mind?to?quit?smoking after the workshop.
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原句：tired drivers were found?to be particularly prone to?ignore warning signs
改写句：tired drivers were found?to be more likely to ignore?warning signs.
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动词类的替换参考：
表明中立态度的词：comment, describe, define, discuss, acknowledge, point out
表明某一鲜明立场的词：argue, claim, emphasize, defend, maintain, refute, challenge
引出观点的词：argue, demonstrate, illustrate, present, explain, indicate, show, suggest
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2. ? ?改变词性
动词?&?名词
原句：all the efforts ended in?failure.
改写句：all the efforts?failed.?
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原句：drugs pose a major?threat?to our society.
改写句：drugs?threaten?the well-being of citizens in our society.
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形容词?&?名词
原句：the little details of home brought them a sense of?familiarity.?
改写句：the little details of home felt?familiar?to them.
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原句：the attempts were deemed?risky?to the safety of our workers.
改写句：the attempts to put our workers at?risk.
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3. ? ?主动语态与被动语态的转换
原句：angier (2001) reported that malaria?kills?more than one million people annually, the overwhelming majority of them children in sub-saharan africa.
改写句：every year, more than a million
people?are killed by?malaria, and most of the victims are children who live in sub-saharan africa (angier, 2001).
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（??：lib.sfu.ca）
4.?????拆封/重组句子
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原句：although only about one-tenth of the world’s population lives there, sub-saharan africa remains the hardest-hit region, accounting for 72 percent of the people infected with hiv during 2000 (bunting, 2004).
改写句：approximately 10 percent of the world’s population resides in sub-saharan africa.? however, this area of the world has the highest percentage of aids-related illnesses.? in fact, in 2000, almost three-fourths of the population had the hiv virus (bunting, 2004).
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（??：lib.sfu.ca）
5.?????改变百分比和数字
原句：african americans, who make up?13 percent?of the u.s. population, accounted for?46 percent?of the aids cases diagnosed in 1998 (jenson, 2000).
改写句：in 1998, less than?15 percent?of the total american population was african, but?almost half?of the people diagnosed with aids in the united states that year were african american (jenson, 2000).?
（??：lib.sfu.ca）
以上就是本次干货分享的全部内容啦，希望对大家有帮助，欢迎交流和补充。
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